If you want to implement “add file attachment in the email” functionality in Magento 2, then please follow the below step.

Step 1) Create Vendor/Module/etc/di.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<config xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:ObjectManager/etc/config.xsd">
  <preference for="\Magento\Framework\Mail\Template\TransportBuilder" type="Vendor\Module\Model\Mail\TransportBuilder" />
</config>

<?xml version="1.0"?>

</config>

Step 2) Please create the email template in Vendor/Module/view/frontend/email/email_template.html
then after calling this file to Vendor/Module/etc/email_templates.xml

Step 3) CreateTransportBuilder and extend with \Magento\Framework\Mail\Template\TransportBuilder

Create Vendor/Module/Model/Mail/TransportBuilder.php

<?php
namespace Vendor\Module\Model\Mail;

use Zend_Mime;
class TransportBuilder extends \Magento\Framework\Mail\Template\TransportBuilder
{
    public function addAttachment(
        $body,
        $mimeType    = Zend_Mime::TYPE_OCTETSTREAM,
        $disposition = Zend_Mime::DISPOSITION_ATTACHMENT,
        $encoding    = Zend_Mime::ENCODING_BASE64,
        $filename    = null
    ) {
        $this->message->createAttachment($body, $mimeType, $disposition, $encoding, $filename);
        return $this;
    }
}

<?php

namespace Vendor\Module\Model\Mail;

use Zend_Mime;

class TransportBuilder extends \Magento\Framework\Mail\Template\TransportBuilder

{

public function addAttachment(

$body,

$mimeType = Zend_Mime::TYPE_OCTETSTREAM,

$disposition = Zend_Mime::DISPOSITION_ATTACHMENT,

$encoding = Zend_Mime::ENCODING_BASE64,

$filename = null

) {

$this->message->createAttachment($body, $mimeType, $disposition, $encoding, $filename);

return $this;

}

Step 4) Send mail using controller in execute method
Create Vendor/Module/Controller/Index/Index.php

<?php
namespace Vendor\Module\Controller\Index;

use Magento\Framework\App\Action\Context;
use Magento\Framework\UrlFactory;
use Magento\Framework\App\Filesystem\DirectoryList;
use Magento\Framework\Translate\Inline\StateInterface;
use Vendor\Module\Model\Mail\TransportBuilder;
use Magento\Framework\App\Config\ScopeConfigInterface;
use Magento\Store\Model\ScopeInterface;
use Zend_Mime;


class Index extends \Magento\Customer\Controller\AbstractAccount {
    
    public function __construct(Context $context, 
        \Magento\Framework\Filesystem $fileSystem,
        StateInterface $inlineTranslation,
        TransportBuilder $transportBuilder,  
        ScopeConfigInterface $scopeConfig,
        UrlFactory $urlFactory, 
        \Magento\Framework\Message\ManagerInterface $messageManager
    ) {
        $this->_filesystem = $fileSystem;
        $this->urlModel = $urlFactory->create ();
        $this->inlineTranslation = $inlineTranslation;
        $this->_transportBuilder = $transportBuilder;
        $this->scopeConfig = $scopeConfig;
        $this->messageManager = $messageManager;
        parent::__construct ( $context );
    }
    public function execute() {
        $objectManager = \Magento\Framework\App\ObjectManager::getInstance();
        $storeurl = $objectManager->get( 'Magento\Store\Model\StoreManagerInterface' )->getStore()->getBaseUrl();
        $result = array();
        $resultRedirect = $this->resultRedirectFactory->create ();
        if($_FILES['fileattach']['name']){
            try {
                $uploader = $objectManager->create('Magento\MediaStorage\Model\File\Uploader',['fileId' => 'fileattach']);
                $uploader->setAllowedExtensions(['docx']);
                $uploader->setAllowRenameFiles(true);
                $uploader->setFilesDispersion(true);
                // get media directory
                $mediaDirectory = $this->_filesystem->getDirectoryRead(DirectoryList::MEDIA);
                // save the image to media directory
                
                $result = $uploader->save($mediaDirectory->getAbsolutePath()."fileupload");
                $email = $this->scopeConfig->getValue('trans_email/ident_general/email',ScopeInterface::SCOPE_STORE);
                $name  = $this->scopeConfig->getValue('trans_email/ident_general/name',ScopeInterface::SCOPE_STORE);
                $pdfFile = $result['path'].$result['file'];
                $emailTemplateVariables['message'] = 'This is a test message.';
                $this->inlineTranslation->suspend();
                $this->_transportBuilder->setTemplateIdentifier('email_template') // Add your template name
                  ->setTemplateOptions(
                      [
                          'area' => \Magento\Framework\App\Area::AREA_FRONTEND,
                          'store' =>  $objectManager->get( 'Magento\Store\Model\StoreManagerInterface' )->getStore()->getId(),
                      ]
                  )
                  ->setTemplateVars($emailTemplateVariables)
                  ->setFrom([
                      'name' => 'From Name',
                      'email' => "test1@gmail.com",
                  ])
                  ->addTo("test123@gmail.com", "To Name")
                  ->addAttachment(file_get_contents($pdfFile),$result['type'],Zend_Mime::DISPOSITION_ATTACHMENT,Zend_Mime::ENCODING_BASE64,$result['name']); //Attachment goes here.
              try {
                  $transport = $this->_transportBuilder->getTransport();
                  $transport->sendMessage();
                  $this->inlineTranslation->resume();
              } catch (\Exception $e) {
                  echo $e->getMessage(); die;
              }
            } catch (Exception $e) {
                \Zend_Debug::dump($e->getMessage());
            }
        }else{
            $url = $this->urlModel->getUrl ( '*/*/create', [ 
                    '_secure' => true 
            ] );
            $resultRedirect->setUrl ( $this->_redirect->error ( $url ) );
            $this->messageManager->addError(__('Please upload the document'));
            return $resultRedirect;
        }
      }
    }

<?php

namespace Vendor\Module\Controller\Index;

use Magento\Framework\App\Action\Context;

use Magento\Framework\UrlFactory;

use Magento\Framework\App\Filesystem\DirectoryList;

use Magento\Framework\Translate\Inline\StateInterface;

use Vendor\Module\Model\Mail\TransportBuilder;

use Magento\Framework\App\Config\ScopeConfigInterface;

use Magento\Store\Model\ScopeInterface;

use Zend_Mime;

class Index extends \Magento\Customer\Controller\AbstractAccount {

public function __construct(Context $context,

\Magento\Framework\Filesystem $fileSystem,

StateInterface $inlineTranslation,

TransportBuilder $transportBuilder,

ScopeConfigInterface $scopeConfig,

UrlFactory $urlFactory,

\Magento\Framework\Message\ManagerInterface $messageManager

) {

$this->_filesystem = $fileSystem;

$this->urlModel = $urlFactory->create ();

$this->inlineTranslation = $inlineTranslation;

$this->_transportBuilder = $transportBuilder;

$this->scopeConfig = $scopeConfig;

$this->messageManager = $messageManager;

parent::__construct ( $context );

}

public function execute() {

$objectManager = \Magento\Framework\App\ObjectManager::getInstance();

$storeurl = $objectManager->get( 'Magento\Store\Model\StoreManagerInterface' )->getStore()->getBaseUrl();

$result = array();

$resultRedirect = $this->resultRedirectFactory->create ();

if($_FILES['fileattach']['name']){

try {

$uploader = $objectManager->create('Magento\MediaStorage\Model\File\Uploader',['fileId' => 'fileattach']);

$uploader->setAllowedExtensions(['docx']);

$uploader->setAllowRenameFiles(true);

$uploader->setFilesDispersion(true);

// get media directory

$mediaDirectory = $this->_filesystem->getDirectoryRead(DirectoryList::MEDIA);

// save the image to media directory

$result = $uploader->save($mediaDirectory->getAbsolutePath()."fileupload");

$email = $this->scopeConfig->getValue('trans_email/ident_general/email',ScopeInterface::SCOPE_STORE);

$name = $this->scopeConfig->getValue('trans_email/ident_general/name',ScopeInterface::SCOPE_STORE);

$pdfFile = $result['path'].$result['file'];

$emailTemplateVariables['message'] = 'This is a test message.';

$this->inlineTranslation->suspend();

$this->_transportBuilder->setTemplateIdentifier('email_template') // Add your template name

->setTemplateOptions(

[

'area' => \Magento\Framework\App\Area::AREA_FRONTEND,

'store' => $objectManager->get( 'Magento\Store\Model\StoreManagerInterface' )->getStore()->getId(),

]

)

->setTemplateVars($emailTemplateVariables)

->setFrom([

'name' => 'From Name',

'email' => "test1@gmail.com",

])

->addTo("test123@gmail.com", "To Name")

->addAttachment(file_get_contents($pdfFile),$result['type'],Zend_Mime::DISPOSITION_ATTACHMENT,Zend_Mime::ENCODING_BASE64,$result['name']); //Attachment goes here.

try {

$transport = $this->_transportBuilder->getTransport();

$transport->sendMessage();

$this->inlineTranslation->resume();

} catch (\Exception $e) {

echo $e->getMessage(); die;

}

} catch (Exception $e) {

\Zend_Debug::dump($e->getMessage());

}

}else{

$url = $this->urlModel->getUrl ( '*/*/create', [

'_secure' => true

] );

$resultRedirect->setUrl ( $this->_redirect->error ( $url ) );

$this->messageManager->addError(__('Please upload the document'));

return $resultRedirect;

}

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